A detergent is a material used for cleaning Cleanliness is the absence of dirt, including dust, stains, bad smells and garbage. Purposes of cleanliness include health, beauty, absence of offensive odor, avoidance of shame, and to avoid the spreading of dirt and contaminants to oneself and others. In the case of glass objects such as windows or windshields, the purpose can also be. The term is sometimes used to differentiate between soap Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning, which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid and other surfactants Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lowering of the interfacial tension between two liquids, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as: detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants used for cleaning.

Contents

History

The earliest detergent substance was undoubtedly water; after that, oils, abrasives such as wet sand, and wet clay. The oldest known detergent for wool-washing is stale (putrescent Putrefaction is the decomposition of animal proteins, especially by anaerobic microorganisms, described as putrefying bacteria. Decomposition is a more general process. Putrefaction usually results in amines such as putrescine and cadaverine, which have a putrid odor. Material that is subject to putrefaction is called putrescible) urine Urine is a sterile, liquid by-product of the body that is secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination and excreted through the urethra. Cellular metabolism generates numerous by-products, many rich in nitrogen, that require elimination from the bloodstream. These by-products are eventually expelled from the body in a process known.[1] For the history of soap Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning, which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid, see the entry thereon. Other detergent surfactants came from saponins Saponins are a class of chemical compounds, one of many secondary metabolites found in natural sources, with saponins found in particular abundance in various plant species. Specifically, they are amphipathic glycosides grouped phenomenologically by the soap-like foaming they produce when shaken in aqueous solutions, and structurally by their and ox bile Bile or gall is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum.

The detergent effects of certain synthetic surfactants were noted in 1913 by A. Reychler, a Belgian chemist. The first commercially available detergent taking advantage of those observations was Nekal,[2] sold in Germany in 1917, to alleviate World War I World War I was a military conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 15 million people were soap shortages. Detergents were mainly used in industry until World War II Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland ·. By then new developments and the later conversion of USA aviation fuel Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperatures, amongst other properties plants to produce tetrapropylene, used in household Household chemicals are chemicals that are commonly found and used in and around the average household. Food additives generally don't fall under this category, unless they have a use other than for human consumption. In recent times there has been a move away from using household chemicals and towards Green cleaning. Examples: detergents, caused a fast growth of household use in the late 1940s.[3] In the late 1960s biological detergents A biological detergent is a laundry detergent that contains enzymes. The description is commonly used in the United Kingdom, where other washing detergents are described as "non-biological". The terms are sometimes abbreviated to bio and "non-bio", containing enzymes Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, called the products. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes to occur at significant rates. Since enzymes are selective for their, better suited to dissolve protein Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded stains, such as egg An egg is a spheroid or ovoid shaped cell laid by females of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Eggs have been eaten by mankind for millennia. Bird eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen (egg white), and vitellus (egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes stains, were introduced in the USA by Procter & Gamble Procter & Gamble Co. is a Fortune 500 American multinational corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. that manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. As of 2008, P&G is the 8th largest corporation in the world by market capitalization and 14th largest US company by profit. In early 2010, P&G reached 4th largest corporation in.[4]

Just so no one is mistaken water is not a detergent. Detergents have a water and fat soluble or hydrophilic (water soluble) and hydrophobic (fat soluble) ends. Detergents are emulsifing agents meaning they significantly lower the surface tension of (in this case) water to allow whatever it is cleaning (such as oil) to be lifted off the surface and dispersed evenly throughout the continus phase again in the case water. Once the oil is lifted and dispersed it can then be washed away by the water. Also an important fact is that detergents are not biodegradable so they can't be broken down by naturally occuring organisms.

Components

Detergents, especially those made for use with water, often include different components such as:

Sometimes materials more complicated than mere mixtures of compounds are said to be detergent. For instance, certain foods such as celery Apium graveolens is a plant species in the family Apiaceae commonly known as celery or celeriac (var. rapaceum) depending on whether the petioles (stalks) or roots are eaten are said to be detergent or detersive to teeth[citation needed].

Detergents Types for Cleaning

There are several factors that dictate what compositions of detergent should be used, including the material to be cleaned, the apparatus to be used, and tolerance for and type of dirt. For instance, all of the following are used to clean glass. The sheer range of different detergents that can be used demonstrates the importance of context in the selection of an appropriate glass-cleaning agent:

Detergents in Biochemistry and Biotechnology

The term detergent is also used for other applications than cleaning (although the term surfactants Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lowering of the interfacial tension between two liquids, or between a liquid and a solid. In principal there are three types of surfactants: detergents, wetting agents and emulsifiers may be preferable). Detergents are important chemicals notably used in biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. Over the last 40 years biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life. These water-soluble molecules A molecule is defined as an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from polyatomic ions in this strict sense. In organic chemistry and biochemistry, the term molecule is used less strictly and also is applied to charged organic molecules are classified according to their hydrophilic / hydrophobic character and ionic groups. This effectively drives the pattern of protein / detergents interactions.

The more or less long hydrophobic tail associates to form micelles, or aggregates, or interacts with other molecules (lipids, proteins).

Ionic detergents are characterized by their charged hydrophilic headgroups, they can be anionic or cationic. Ionic detergents tend to disrupt both inter- and intra-molecular protein-protein interactions. These include SDS, CTBA ...

Non-ionic (or zwitterionic) detergents are characterized by their (net) uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. They are based on Polyoxyethylene Glycol (i.e. Tween, Triton and Brij series), CHAPS, Glycosides (i.e. Octyl-Thio-Glucoside, Maltosides), Bile Acids such as DOC, Lipids (HEGAs), or Phosphine Oxides.

Special detergents include cleavable detergents.

See surfactants classification and properties.

Detergents are used at three essential steps in biochemistry of proteins: extraction, storage, and analysis :

-In solution: detergents help to keep molecules in solution by dissociating aggregates, increasing solubility, and unfolding proteins.

-Detergents are key reagents to extract protein by lysis of the cells and tissues: they disorganize the membranes lipidic bilayer (SDS, Triton X100, X114, CHAPS, DOC, NP-40), and solubilize proteins. Milder detergents such as (OctylThioGlucosides) are used to solubilize sensible proteins (enzymes, receptors). Non-solubilized material is harvested by centrifugation or other means. -For electrophoresis i.e., proteins are classically treated with SDS to denature the native tertiary and quaternary structures, allowing the separation of proteins according to their molecular weight].

See surfactants for more applications.

Terminology

Manufacturing process of soaps and detergents

Sometimes the word detergent is used to distinguish a cleaning agent from soap. During the early development of non-soap surfactants as commercial cleaning products, the term syndet, short for synthetic detergent was promoted to indicate the distinction. The term never became popular and is incorrect, because most soap is itself synthesized (from glycerides). The term soapless soap refers to a soap free liquid cleanser with a slightly acidic pH.[5] Today, soapless soaps are used in an array of products.[5] There is no universally accepted term for detergents not made of soap other than soapless detergent, non-soap detergent or soap-free cleanser.

The term detergent by itself is sometimes used to refer specifically to laundry detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents.

Plain water, if used for cleaning, is a detergent. Probably the most widely-used detergents other than water are soaps or mixtures composed chiefly of soaps. However, not all soaps have significant detergency and, although the words "detergent" and "soap" are sometimes used interchangeably, not every detergent is a soap.

The term detergent is sometimes used to refer to any surfactant, even when it is not used for cleaning.

See also

References

  1. ^ von Georgievics, Georg; Charles Thomas Colley Salter (1902) (Google books), The chemical technology of textile fibres, Scott, Greenwood, p. 81, http://books.google.com/?id=OtxBAAAAIAAJ
  2. ^ Analytical Chemists job description, http://www.123oye.com/job-descriptions/a/analytical-chemist.htm Analytical, retrieved 9 May 2008
  3. ^ Spriggs, John (July 1975) (pdf), An economical analysis of the developmente of substitutes with some illustrative examples and implications for the beef industry, Staff paper series, University of Minnesota, pp. 34–37, http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/123456789/22851/1/p75-14.pdf, retrieved 9 May 2008
  4. ^ Roald, Arnvid S. & Nicolaas T. DE. Oude, "Granular enzyme-containing laundry composition", US patent 3451935, issued 24 June 1969
  5. ^ a b Tyebkhan G (2002), "Skin cleansing in neonates and infants-basics of cleansers", Indian J Pediatr 69 (9): 767–9, doi:10.1007/BF02723687, PMID 12420908, http://www.springerlink.com/content/61r261h452j3w70m/.

External links

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Chemicals present in shampoos, detergents can lead to cancer study - TheMedGuru
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Chemicals present in shampoos, detergents can lead to cancer study

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Certain ingredients present in shampoos, detergents and other household cleaning agents might be a potential source of the ...
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Homemade Laundry Detergent (Recipe and Video)

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Wed, 21 Jul 2010 10:30:47 GM

Homemade laundry . detergent. can be environmentally​ friendly and save you a bundle. There are many variations of this laundry . detergent. but I prefer the liquid version since it works best in high efficiency front loaders.

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Sun Aug 1 00:58:01 2010
How much detergent to use for the large front loading commerical washers?
Q. I just decided to use a front loading commerical washer today and everyone else's loads seemed to have more suds than mine. I used arm & hammer liquid detergent and I just poured in what seemed to be tons of soap, but still not alot of suds. These are the HUGE washers that hold 4 loads of clothes. I put in more than enough for 4 loads yet not really any suds, any tips/suggestions?
Asked by JT - Fri Dec 22 20:16:51 2006 - - 9 Answers - 0 Comments

A. A and H isn't very sudsy to begin with. You actually don't want suds because that means there is soap residue being left on your clothes, like in top loading washers. Just a capful will do it.
Answered by alwaysmoose - Fri Dec 22 20:19:12 2006

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